+34 9340006100 -ext. 437807-info@nanbiosis.com

Nanbiosis

U2. Custom Antibody Service Unit (CAbS)

U2 CAbS-hybridoma clone
Ciber bbn

U2. Custom Antibody Service (CAbS)

  • Scientific Director: Prof. Pilar Marco pilar.marco@cid.csic.es
  • Scientific Coordinator: Dra. Nuria Pascual npdqob@cid.csic.es
  • Entities: Institute of Avanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC) & Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
  • Address: Jordi Girona, 18-26, 088034, Barcelona, Spain
  • Phone: +34 934 006 100
  • Web: IQAC- CSIC

IQAC CSIC

Order request

Description

The facility is located in the Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC; Barcelona). It is equipped with a laboratory for the development and production of monoclonal antibodies. The laboratory is fully equipped for obtaining, selecting and storing monoclonal antibody producing hybridomas. In addition, the facility has infrastructure for the production of polyclonal antibodies, as well as laboratories for the synthesis of bioconjugates, haptens, the purification of antibodies and the performance of immunoassays. In addition to the above mentioned equipment, the IQAC-CSIC provides animal husbandry facilities and a unit for the synthesis of organic molecules.

The equipment consists in an inverted phase contrast microscope with a camera, two Class II laminar flow biological safety cabinets, two CO2 incubators, a bioreactor for hybridoma culture, and tangential filtration unit for purification of the antibodies produced in the culture. Among the items of available equipment it should be highlighted a spotter for selection of high antibody producing cell lines and an automated ELISA microplate washer an ELISA reader, two AKTA Prime Liquid chromatography systems for antibody purification, plus standard equipment (centrifuges, fridges, liquid nitrogen containers, autoclave, baths, and vacuum equipment) and all the necessary routine laboratory apparatus.Cabs also has access to a fully equipped chemistry laboratory for the synthesis of haptens and immunoreagents.

Active projects

Title Fundin: Organism Call: Funding source Role
SAF2017-90810-REDI Strategic Promotion and coordinated management of Nanbiosis: Pronanbiosis II Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) Acciones de dinamización «REDES DE EXCELENCIA» -ICTS 2017 Partner
PICCOLO-732111 Multimodal highly-sensitive PhotonICs endoscope for improve in vivo COLOn Cancer diagnosis and clinical decision support European Commission-H2020 H2020-ICT-2016-1 Partner
0624_2IQBIONEURO_6_E Promotion of an R&I network in biological chemistry for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases European Union Interreg : European Territorial Co-operation POCTEP Interreg España-Portugal Partner

Other projects

Ref Title Funding Organism Unit Role
SAF2015-67476-R Immunochemical Strategies of Diagnosis and Therapy based on Quorum Sensing (ImmunoQS) Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Participant
PIE1400061 Molecular links between diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases ISCIII Oberver
2014SGR1484 Consolidated Research Group Generalitat de Catalunya Participant
FP7-614168 Real time monitoring of SEA contaminants by an autonomous Lab-on-a-Chip biosensor (SEA-on-a-CHIP) European Commission Oberver
CI16-00031 Caixa Impulse A new approach for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CaixaBank Participant
MSCA-ITN2015-675412 New Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases European Commission Participant
TECCTP15-1-0011 Ajuda acreditació Tecnio del grup Nb4D ACCIÓ: Generalitat de Catalunya Others

Publications


2016

  • Roncador G., Engel P., Maestre L., Anderson A.P., Cordell J.L., Cragg M.S. et al. The European antibody network’s practical guide to finding and validating suitable antibodies for research. mAbs. 2016;8(1):27-36.
  • Pastells C., Pascual N., Sanchez-Baeza F., Marco M.-P.. Immunochemical Determination of Pyocyanin and 1-Hydroxyphenazine as Potential Biomarkers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Analytical Chemistry. 2016;88(3):1631-1638.
  • Salvador J.-P., Marco M.-P.. Amperometric Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring Irgarol 1051 in Sea Water. Electroanalysis. 2016;28(8):1833-1838.

News U2

20 Oct

The importance of bacterial Quorum Sensing (QS) research recognised in the Princesa of Asturias Awards

Today, Bonnie Bassler, Jeffrey Gordon, and Peter Greenberg are receiving the Princess of Asturias Award for their contribution to the knowledge of the role of the human microbiome and the bacteria Quorum Sensing. Targeting Quorum Sensing allows understanding of bacteria behaviour and pathogenesis, but also developing new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for infectious diseases. Bonnie Bassler has shown how small chemical signals are involved in such a communication process. Peter Greenberg was one of the first scientists who assigned the term Quorum Sensing (QS) to such a sophisticated system used by bacteria to communicate and synchronize behavior. He was involved[...]

15 May

New look of Nb4D – CAbS (NANBIOSIS U2) “Revolutionising Diagnosis”

Nb4D has a new look on line! Nb4D Group (of IQAC-CSIC and CIBER-BBN) has lunched a new website “Revolutionsising Diagnosis“ with the aim to facilitate a faster and easier navigation througth their “pioneering research to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches” and their solutions and expertise to help researchers and companies. Antibodies, bioreceptors, hapten design and synthesis, immunoanalytical method development, new ivd tools, surface functionalization, therapeutic antibodies and much more knowledge and expertise revolutionising diagnosis. The new website contains a page for CAbS-NANBIOSIS. Custom Antibody Service (CAbS), unit 2 of the ICTS NANBIOSIS[...]

28 Feb

Rare diseases international day 2023: some NANBIOSIS contributions

Today is the international day of rare diseases, a day to raise awareness and instigate change for people living with a rare disease. From NANBIOSIS we want to sume to this celebration and higtligh our commitment to helping people with rare diseases through research. Dr. Ibane Abasolo, Scientific Director of NANBIOSIS U20, was at the WORLDSymposia conference last week in Orlando (FL, USA), where the latest advances in preclinical study and clinic of lysosomal storage diseases were explained. There, she presented the results obtained in the Smart4Fabry project coordinated by the CIBER-BBN where nanoliposomes were developed for the treatment of[...]

27 Feb

New method for the detection of RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2

Several CIBER-BBN groups at the University of Barcelona, the Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), the Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM-CSIC) and the Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA) —a joint institute of the CSIC and the University of Zaragoza (UNIZAR)— have developed a new method for detecting RNA viruses based on the technology of using probes that form triplex structures. This innovative methodology opens up new options to detect viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the influenza A (H1N1) virus or the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a pathogen that affects newborns and requires differential diagnostic care. This[...]

15 Nov

Happy Day of Chemistry! The role of Chemistry in a sustainable research in health

Today, November 15 is a day of celebration for us, the Day of the Chemistry in Spain! Chemistry is the science that studies matter, how it is composed, its properties and how its structures are transformed and, as matter is everything, including living beings and ourselves, we can say that chemistry is omnipresent and transversal in all areas surrounding us. Chemistry is everywhere, we ourselves are chemistry and our health and our life is chemistry. “Everything around us is chemistry in the environment, foods, what we use and what we touch every day. Our own body is a sophisticated complex[...]

19 Oct

The first TECNIO Conference and NANBIOSIS’ researchers participation

More than 200 people attended the first edition of the TECNIO Conference that took place on October 19th, 2022 in Girona. Outstanding experts from research groups, companies and the Catalan administration discussed the model of technological sovereignty that Catalonia needs to generate high-impact innovation. As far as Nora Ventosa, President of the TECNIO Association and Scientific Director of NANBIOSIS U6 Biomaterial Processing and Nanostructuring Unit (from CIBER-BBN and IQAC): “Political management is the key to ensure that the path of transference follows a high speed train” Researchers of NANBIOSIS U2 Custom Antibody Service (CAbS) – Nb4D Group from CIBER-BBN and[...]

27 Jul

1st Nanomedicine Forum of CIBER-BBN/NANBIOSIS and CSIC Nanomed Conection

During the days 30 of June and 1st of July took place in Barcelona, in the auditorium of the Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), the 1st Forum on Nanomedicine gathering scientists from the CSIC net Nanomed Conection and from the CIBER-BBN and its ICTS NANBIOSIS. This forum brought toguether researchers from the most eminent national research centers in nanomedicine, that during the two days meeting presented their works and findings and discussed the impact of nanomedicine in the fields of drug delivery, diagnosis and therapy. The workshop was open by the Director of IQAC-CSIC,  Jesús Joglar, the  Scientific Coordinator[...]

28 Dec

New results evidence new biomarkers for early diagnosis of P. aeruginosa infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common multidrug-resistant pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections. However, P. aeruginosa, as many other bacterial species, has developed resistance to antibiotics being difficult to treat. For this reason diagnostic methods allowing detection at early  stages of the infection are required  and, therefore, efficient biomarkers of infection are very helpful. These fast diagnosis will help on the subsequent therapeutic treatment. The Nb4D group of CIBER-BBN and IQAC-CSIC (led by M.-Pilar Marco) has recently conducted a research to develop a highly sensitive, specific and reliable immunochemical assay to detect pyocyanin (PYO), one of the most important virulence factors[...]

U2-Custom Antibody Service (CAbS)
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U29. Oligonucleotide Synthesis Platform (OSP)

U2 CAbS-hybridoma clone
Ciber bbn

U29. Oligonucleotide Synthesis Platform (OSP)

  • Scientific Director: Prof. Ramon Eritja: recgma@cid.csic.es
  • Scientific Coordinator: Dr. Anna Aviñó: aaagma@cid.csic.es
  • Entities: Institute of Avanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
  • Address: Jordi Girona, 18-26, 088034, Barcelona, Spain
  • Phone: +34 934 006 145
  • Web: IQAC- CSIC
IQAC CSIC
Order request

Description

This unit is coordinated by the Nucleic Acids Chemistry Group at the Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and has the equipment needed for the production of oligonucleotides at low scale (mg to mg), purification, characterization and post-synthesis modification. The service counts with laboratories for synthesis and modification of oligonucleotides including DNA/RNA synthesizer, analytical and semi-preparative HPLC equipment for the purification and characterization of oligonucleotides. The service will focus in providing expert opinion to researchers as well as the production of tailored oligonucleotides. Routine synthesis of oligonucleotides used as primers will not be produced as there is a large number of commercial sources that provide a quick and low price service. The oligonucleotide synthesis platform will focus in providing modified oligonucleotides (ONs) that are difficult to obtain from commercial sources. These include microgram to milligram amounts of DNA and RNA derivatives carrying several modifications as well as oligonucleotide conjugates carrying lipids, membrane-receptors ligands, carbohydrates and peptides designed for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. The facility benefits from the wide experience of Prof. Ramon Eritja that has more than 30 years expertise in the development of modified oligonucleotides.

Active projects

RefTitleFundin OrganismRole
CTQ2017-84415-R STUDY OF ADN STRUCTURES WITH BIOMEDICAL POTENTIALMINECOCoordinator

Other projects

RefTitleFundin OrganismRole
SBPLY/17/180501/000376Development and validation of new intelligent administration systems of RNAs in the injured spinal cord: application in a neuroprotective therapy based on miR-138Junta de Castilla-La Mancha Participant
BIO2017-92113-EXP New tailored microRNA-based antifungal agents for crop protectionMINECO - Explora-Participant
CA17103CA17103 Delivery of antisense RNA therapeutics (DARTER) C.C.E.E. COST Action Participant
AC18/00046Monitoring of Acquired Brain Injury and recovery of biomarkers by the combined label-free NanoSensing of multiple circulating molecules (ABISens).Euronanomed-III (ERA-Net cofund action on Nanomedicine)Participant
CSIC-COV19-041Point-of-care tests for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 (POC4CoV) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Participant
Prometeo/2020/081Use of microRNA modulators as experimental therapies in type 1 myotonic dystrophy Generalitat Valenciana Participant

Publications

2019

“Synthesis of oligonucleotides carrying nucleic acid derivatives of biomedical and structural interest” Eritja, R., Aviñó, A., Fàbrega, C., Alagia, A., Jorge, A.F., Grijalvo, S. In “Enzymatic and chemical synthesis of nucleic acid derivatives” (Fernández Lucas and Camarasa Eds) Willey-VCH Verlag, Weinheim (Germany), pp 237-258, (2019).

Cationic niosomes as non-viral vehicles for nucleic acids. Challenges and opportunities in gene delivery. Grijalvo, S., Puras, G., Zárate, J., Sainz-Ramos, M., AL Qtaish, N., López, T., Mashal, M., Attia, N., Díaz Díaz, D., Pons, R., Fernández, E., Pedraz, J.L., Eritja, R.  Pharmaceutics, 11(2), 50 (2019).

“Parallel clamps and polypurine hairpins (PPRH) for gene silencing and triplex-affinity capture: design, synthesis and use” Aviñó, A., Eritja, R., Cuidad, C., Noe, V. Current Protocols on Nucleic Acid Chemistry, e78 (2019).

“Efficient bioactive oligonucleotide-protein conjugation for cell-targeted cancer therapy” Aviñó, A., Unzueta, U., Cespedes, M.V., Casanova, I., Vázquez, E., Villaverde, A., Mangues, R., Eritja, R. ChemistryOpen, 8, 382-387 (2019).

“The small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in cancer therapy: nano-based approach” Mahmoodi Chalbatani, G., Dana, H., Gharagouzloo, E., Grijalvo, S., Eritja, R., Logsdon, C.D., Memari, F., Miri, S.R., Rad, M.R., Marmari, V. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 14, 3111-3128 (2019).

“The origins and the biological consequences of the Pur/Pyr DNA•RNA asymmetry” Terrazas, M., Genna, V., Portella, G., Villegas, N., Sánchez, D., Arnan, C., Pulido-Quetglas, C., Johnson, E., Guigó, R., Brun-Heath, I., Aviñó, A., Eritja, R., Orozco, M. Chem., 5, 1619-1631 (2019).

“On the race for more stretchable and tough hydrogels” Grijalvo, S., Eritja, R., Díaz Díaz, D. Gels, 5, 24 (2019).

“Gene delivery to the rat retina by non-viral vectors based on chloroquine-containing cationic niosomes” Mashal, M., Attia, N., Martínez-Navarrete, G., Soto-Sánchez, C., Fernández, E., Grijalvo, S., Eritja, R., Puras, G., Pedraz, J.L. J. Control. Rel., 304, 181-190 (2019).

“Study of conformational transitions of i-motif DNA using time-resolved fluorescence and multivariate analysis methods” Benabou, S., Ruckebusch, C., Sliwa, M., Aviñó, A., Eritja, R., Gargallo, R., de Juan, A.  Nucleic Acids Res., 47, 6590-6605 (2019).

“Expanding the limits of amide-triazole isosteric substitution in bisamide-based physical gels” Tautz, M., Torras, J., Grijalvo, S., Eritja, R., Saldías, C., Alemán, C., Díaz Díaz D. RSC Adv., 9, 20841-20851 (2019).

“Aptamer-peptide conjugates as a new strategy to modulate human α-thrombin binding affinity” Aviñó, A., Jorge, A.F., Huertas, C.S., Cova, T.F.G.G., Pais, A., Lechuga, L.M., Eritja, R., Fàbrega, C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (General subjects), 1863, 1610-1630 (2019).

“Cationic niosome-based hBMP7 gene transfection of neuronal precursor NT2 cells to reduce the migration of glioma cells in vitro” Attia, N., Mashal, M., Grijalvo, S., Eritja, R., Puras, G., Pedraz, J.L. J. Drug Delivery Science Technol., 53, 101219 (2019).

“Stabilization of c-KIT G-quadruplex DNA structures by the RNA polymerase I inhibitors BMH-21 and BA-41” Mazzini, S., Gargallo, R., Musso, L., De Santis, F., Aviñó, A., Scaglioni, L., Eritja, R., Di Nicola, M., Zunino, F., Amatulli, A., Dallavalle, S. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 4927 (2019).

“Alginate hydrogels as scaffolds and delivery systems to repair the damaged spinal cord” Grijalvo, S., Nieto-Díaz, M., Maza, R.M., Eritja, R., Díaz Díaz, D. Biotech J., 14, e1900275 (2019).

“A pH-dependent bolt involving cytosine bases located in the lateral loops of antiparallel G-quadruplex structures within the SMARCA4 gene promotor” Benabou S., Mazzini, S., Aviñó, A., Eritja, R. Gargallo, R. Sci. Rep., 9, 15807 (2019).

2018

Selective depletion of metastatic stem cells as therapy for human colorectal cancer. Céspedes, M.V., Unzueta, U., Aviñó, A., Gallardo, A., Álamo, P., Sala, R., Sánchez-Sardi, A., Casanova, I., Mangues, M.A., Lopez-Pousa, A., Eritja, R., Villaverde, A., Vázquez, E., Mangues, R. EMBO Mol. Med., 10, e8772 (2018).

DNA-based nanoscaffolds as vehicles for 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine oligomers in colorectal cancer therapy. Jorge, A.F., Aviñó, A., Pais, A.A.C.C., Eritja, R., Fàbrega, C. Nanoscale, 10, 7238-7249 (2018).

Exploring PAZ/3’-overhang interaction to improve siRNA specificity. A combined experimental and modeling study. Alagia, A., Jorge, A.F., Aviño, A., Cova, T.F.G.G., Crehuet, R., Grijalvo, S., Alberto Pais, A.A.C.C., Eritja, R. Chem. Sci., 9, 2074-2086 (2018).

DNA origami-driven lithography for patterning on gold surfaces with sub-10 nanometer resolution. Gállego, I., Manning, B., Prades, J.D., Mir, M., Samitier, J., Eritja, R. Adv. Mat., 29, 1603233 (2017).

Glucose-nucleobase pseudo base pairs as a new biomolecular interaction in a DNA context. Vengut-Climent, E., Gómez-Pinto, I., Lucas, R., Peñalver, P., Aviñó, A., Fonseca-Guerra, C, Bickelhaupt, F.M.., Eritja, R., González, C., Morales, J.C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 55, 8643-8647 (2016).

News U29

27 Feb

New method for the detection of RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2

Several CIBER-BBN groups at the University of Barcelona, the Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), the Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM-CSIC) and the Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA) —a joint institute of the CSIC and the University of Zaragoza (UNIZAR)— have developed a new method for detecting RNA viruses based on the technology of using probes that form triplex structures. This innovative methodology opens up new options to detect viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, the influenza A (H1N1) virus or the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a pathogen that affects newborns and requires differential diagnostic care. This[...]

15 Nov

Happy Day of Chemistry! The role of Chemistry in a sustainable research in health

Today, November 15 is a day of celebration for us, the Day of the Chemistry in Spain! Chemistry is the science that studies matter, how it is composed, its properties and how its structures are transformed and, as matter is everything, including living beings and ourselves, we can say that chemistry is omnipresent and transversal in all areas surrounding us. Chemistry is everywhere, we ourselves are chemistry and our health and our life is chemistry. “Everything around us is chemistry in the environment, foods, what we use and what we touch every day. Our own body is a sophisticated complex[...]

27 Jul

1st Nanomedicine Forum of CIBER-BBN/NANBIOSIS and CSIC Nanomed Conection

During the days 30 of June and 1st of July took place in Barcelona, in the auditorium of the Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), the 1st Forum on Nanomedicine gathering scientists from the CSIC net Nanomed Conection and from the CIBER-BBN and its ICTS NANBIOSIS. This forum brought toguether researchers from the most eminent national research centers in nanomedicine, that during the two days meeting presented their works and findings and discussed the impact of nanomedicine in the fields of drug delivery, diagnosis and therapy. The workshop was open by the Director of IQAC-CSIC,  Jesús Joglar, the  Scientific Coordinator[...]

03 May

OPEN SUBMISSION FOR JOURNAL SPECIAL ISSUE ON OLIGONUCLEOTIDE BASED THERAPIES

Dr. Ramon Eritja, Scientific Director of NANBIOSIS unit 29 of Oligonucleotide Synthesis Platform (OSP) and Dr. Santiago Grijalvo researcher at NANBIOSIS unit 12 of Nanostructured liquid characterization, from CIBER-BBN and IQAC-CSIC, together with Dr. Andreia F. Jorge, from Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), acting as guest editors of journal Pharmaceutics, of MDPI Publisher, welcome authors to submit their articles on special issues on Recent Trends in Oligonucleotide Based Therapies. In the past few decades, significant efforts have been made towards the clinical application of oligonucleotides. However, the potential of the therapeutic applications of RNA-based strategies have recently been spotlighted after the first approval of mRNA vaccines in response to COVID-19[...]

02 May

Wide representation of NANBIOSIS research in NALS 2022 and best Oral Presentation to Eloi Parladé

During the last 27-29 April, the 3rd International Conference on Nanomaterials Applied to Life Sciences 2022 (NALS 2022) has taken place in the Excellence Campus of Universidad de Cantabria in Santander (Spain), organized by the University of Cantabria and Institute Valdecilla-IDIVAL. NALS 2022 has been a multidisciplinary conference series sharing new results and ideas in the fields of biosensors, lab on a chip, drug delivery nanopharmacy. nanobiotechnology, intelligent nanomaterials, magnetic materials, nanotoxicity, antimicrobials, novel applications of 3d bioprinting and nanoimaging. NANBIOSIS has been represented at this edition by members of several of its units, among them we must highlight the set of four ora[...]

27 Apr

OPEN SUBMISSION FOR FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY SPECIAL ISSUE ON NUCLEIC ACID-BASED APTAMERS IN THERAPEUTICS AND DIAGNOSTICS

Dr. Anna Aviñó, Scientific Coordianator of NANBIOSIS unit 29 of Oligonucleotide Synthesis Platform (OSP) and Dr. Carme Fàbrega from the Nucleic Acid Chemistry group from CIBER-BBN and IQAC_CSIC, together with Dr. Claudia Riccardi from the University of Naples Federico II, Dr. Stefania Mazzini from University of Milan, and Dr. Raimundo Gargallo from the University of Barcelona, acting as guest editors of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry, welcome authors to submit their articles on special issues on Nucleic Acid-Based Aptamers in Therapeutics and Diagnostics. Nucleic acid‐based aptamers are short DNA or RNA sequences able to adopt specific three‐dimensional architectures. The high affinity and selectivity shown for a selected target, as well as t[...]

21 Apr

The coming revolution: synthetic DNA and RNA for therapeutic and diagnostic applications

The discovery of the mRNA vaccines for the treatment of coronavirus, as well as new medicines for the treatment of genetic diseases, has been important in the quest of solutions for undrugable diseases in an unexpected short-time. Thus, the chemical modifications of nucleic acids with diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is now a reality, a revolution that promises to give hopes on unsolved medical problems or optimize previous approaches, largely due to the research push for the development of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Now, the prestigious “The Chemical Record” journal has invited the Nucleic Acids Chemistry group, of IQAC-CSIC and[...]

10 Jan

U29.-Oligonucleotide-Synthesis-Platform
DNA nanotechnologists are in mourning

At the end of the XXth century Nanotechnology appeared as one of the more powerful technologies for the future. At that time material sciences were able to produce nanomaterials with exquisite size control and atomic force, microscopy was able to visualize objects in the nanoscale and photolithography arrived to their physical limits in the preparation of computer chips threatening Moore’s law. This empirical law saying that as transistor components shrank, the number per chip doubled about every 18 months, was acting from 1971  (Intel’s first chip) to billions in the present times.  At these times, one crucial development was t[...]

U29. Oligonucleotide Synthesis Platform
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